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Hampshire County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of 2010, the population was 23,964. Its county seat is Romney , West Virginia's oldest town . Hampshire County was created by the Virginia General Assembly on December 13, 1753, from parts of Frederick and Augusta counties and is the oldest county in the state of West Virginia. The county lies in both West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle and Potomac Highlands regions. Hampshire County is part of the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Earliest European settlers Romney was initially settled by hunters and traders around 1725. In 1738, John Pearsall and his brother Job built homes and in 1758 a fort for defense against Native Americans in present-day Romney. Their settlement was then known as Pearsall's Flats . In 1748, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron sent a surveying party, including 16 year-old George Washington , to survey his lands along the Potomac and South Branch Potomac rivers . Washington spent three summers and falls surveying Lord Fairfax's Northern Neck estate, which included all of the present-day Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia . In April 1748, he laid off several lots in an area known as the Trough , about ten miles south of Romney, and he is known to have been in present-day Romney on October 19, 1749. Oral traditions claimed that Washington laid present-day Romney out into lots at that time, but written records from that era indicate that Romney was surveyed and laid out into lots by James Genn prior to Washington's arrival. Genn was also employed by Lord Fairfax. 18th century Hampshire County In 1756, Fort Pearsall was constructed on Job Pearsall 's plantation for protection against Native American raids and George Washington provisioned and garrisoned the Fort at various times until 1758. At that time, there were at least 100 people living in the general area.